What is the term for water that flows over the surface rather than soaking into the ground?

The term for water that flows over the surface rather than soaking into the ground is run-off. Run-off occurs when precipitation, such as rain or melting snow, falls onto the ground and does not get absorbed by the soil. Instead, it travels across the land, often towards rivers, lakes, or oceans. This natural process is critical in the water cycle, as it helps transport water from higher elevations to lower areas, shaping landscapes and contributing to various ecosystems.

The other concepts provided are related but distinct. The water table refers to the level below which the ground is saturated with water. Groundwater is the water that is stored beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and fractures of rock formations. Surface water, while also significant, generally refers to bodies of water like lakes and rivers that are open to the atmosphere but does not specifically denote the process of water flowing over land. Run-off emphasizes the movement of water across surfaces, highlighting its role in water drainage and natural water distribution.